Penerjemahan Berbantuan Komputer

Saussure : Language as social fact

Toward the end of the century XII- Seem apparently everything looks good for the time, and some still remain convincing for the present. The similarities of language with biological has been widely rejected. This is make difficulty to understanding language as an academic discipline. If the language  is not the species of life. In the sense of whether the language is “stuff” that can be investigated? A layman pleased that French language is something that can be learned, which has a specific device and in some cases the same or similar to the English language but differ in other respects. But when the French language in an item and the item is something strange. It is clear that it is not a concrete object such as a table or as a stretch of land called French.  You can not see or hear the French language. You can hear is Gaston waiter said: “pas si bête..” You can see a line on a sheet of newspaper “Le Monde” but how can we interpret a being called the French language which is behind the thousands of concrete phenomena than can be observed as in the two earlier example? What kind of form that language? Biological paradigm shows the relationship between speech and French language as the relationship between certain carrots and carrot species; And up to the rejection of the biological paradigm opinion, this opinion has been regarded as satisfactory even though people can only see or eat carrots. People evaluated that it is pretty important to talk about carrots species and discuss, said, genetic relationship and species tubers. But at the first time biology had thrown to the side of the road; Second, the people have argued that the paradigm can not provide a complete answer to the on going discussion in biology. Because the species is an abstraction, at least individual species is a concrete thing. So many things can be easily perceived from the carrots. But the linguistic analogy in biological individual is idiolect; And almost all, not all, same as abstraction from the concept of language. We can not hear Gaston idiolect as a form; We can only hear the examples of idiolect. The comments that he says when he saw a tip that we left off, and it doesn’t has the example of parallels idiolect in biology. So, even though it’s not consider as a particular problem by linguists in the XIX century, question of “How does the meaning of the language or dialect of the underlying reality that can be perceived from certain utterances” is remain exist at that time. People who can answer the question that can satisfy linguists during his period of time and nowadays is Swiss academician: Ferdinand deSaussure.

Mongin Ferdinand deSaussure is his full name, born in Geneva in 1857, children of Huguenot family who moved from Lorraine during wars of religion at the end of XVI century in French. Even though people nowadays consider Saussure as the first man who gave the definition about synchronic linguistic – study about language as system in certain time, which divide as historical linguistic (which Saussure distinguished by the name diachronic linguistics) for linguists during his period was the only approach available to be learned that time – in his lifetime wasn’t meant to be famous. Saussure was educated as ancient linguist and in his young age was succeeded to publish a book title Memoire sur lesysteme primitive des voyelles dans les langues indo-europeennes (1878). The book published a few weeks after his twenty-firth birthday, when he was a student in German. It was one of proto indo-European language. Saussure give a speech about Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes in Paris from 1881 until 1891, before he went back to teach in Geneva, the entire publishing and almost his work more associated with historical linguistic rather than synchronic linguistic, with  a deep analysis concerning in various Indo-European language and not with the basic theory. Whereas, although Saussure produce his work on the theory of general linguistic at about 1890 (Koerner, 1973: 29). He seems reluctant to give it to someone else, and the story of how the ideas be in publishing is a strange thing. At the end of 1906, he was asked to take over responsibility in giving lectures on general linguistics and comparative history and languages of the Indo-European scholar who was quit his service for 30 years; Saussure taught the material in the rest of his study  in 1908-1909 and 1910-1911. In the first years, Saussure limit his study only about historical; but when he give it in the second years, he also included a brief introduction about synchronic linguistics and in the third years, all semesters are used to provide synchronous linguistic theory. Shortly after that, he died without a chance to publish any material from that theory. Some people have been asked to publish but he always replied that preparing the materials is very time-consuming, but two of his friends, Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye decided on a new fabric of the student notes with their lecture, Saussure. The book they produce is entitled Cours de linguistique Generale (Saussure 1916) can be used by scholars in the world to understand the thinking of Saussure and because of this the document, Saussure known as father of linguistic. 

Why listening to music is the key to good healt

It's the weekend and at some point you'll probably relax to your favourite music, watch a film with a catchy title track - or hit the dance floor.

There's no doubt that listening to your favourite music can instantly put you in a good mood. But scientists are now discovering that music can do more for you than just lift your spirits.

Research is showing it has a variety of health benefits.

Fresh research from Austria has found that listening to music can help patients with chronic back pain.

And a recent survey by Mind - the mental health charity - found that after counselling, patients found group therapy such as art and music therapy, the most useful.

Here, we present six proven ways that music can help you and your family's health

{1}1. CHRONIC BACK PAIN

How it helps: Music works on the autonomic nervous system - the part of the nervous system responsible for controlling our blood pressure, heartbeat and brain function - and also the limbic system - the part of the brain that controls feelings and emotions. According to one piece of research, both these systems react sensitively to music.

When slow rhythms are played, our blood pressure and heartbeat slow down which helps us breathe more slowly, thus reducing muscle tension in our neck, shoulders, stomach and back. And experts say that apart from physical tension, music also reduces psychological tension in our mind.

In other words when we feel pain, we become frightened, frustrated and angry which makes us tense up hundreds of muscles in our back. Listening to music on a regular basis helps our bodies relax physically and mentally, thus helping to relieve - and prevent - back pain.

The research: A new study from Austria's General Hospital of Salzburg due to be published in The Vienna Medical Weekly Journal could hold the key to back pain. In the study, 65 patients aged between 21 and 68 with chronic back pain after back surgery were divided into two groups.

One group received standard medical care and physiotherapy. The other group also listened to music and received visualisation classes for 25 minutes every day for three weeks. Results found that the group who listened to music and used imagery experienced better pain relief than the group who did not.

Clinical psychologist Franz Wendtner who led the study says: 'Music is an important part of our physical and emotional wellbeing - ever since we were babies in our mother's womb listening to her heartbeat and breathing rhythms.

'Listening to music for about 25 minutes everyday for at least ten days can help prevent back pain and also make you sleep better.'

Which type of music is best? Experts believe any type of classical music such as Mozart or Beethoven can help relieve muscle pain. Calm, slow music is also thought to help.

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2. IMPROVES YOUR WORKOUT
{2}

How it helps: Experts say listening to music during exercise can give you a better workout in several ways. Scientists claim it can increase your endurance, boost your mood and can distract you from any discomfort experienced during your workout.

The research: Dr Robert Herdegen of America's Hampden-Sydney College in Virginia, looked at the effects of 12 men riding a bicycle for ten minutes while listening to music on one day. He compared it to the same men riding bicycles without music for ten minutes the following day.

On the days that the men exercised listening to music, they travelled 11 per cent further - compared to the days they didn't listen to music. Researchers also found that the men's levels of exertion were at their lowest when listening to music.

Other studies show that listening to music releases endorphins - our natural 'feel good' hormones that lift our mood and give us motivation to carry on longer with exercise.

Which type of music is best? The best type of music for exercise is thought to be high energy, high tempo music such as hip hop or dance music.

__________________________________________

3. MEMORY LOSS

How it helps: For many people suffering from memory loss the spoken language has become meaningless. Music can help patients remember tunes or songs and get in touch with their history. This is because the part of the brain which processes music is located next to memory.

The research: Researchers from Norway's Sogn Og Fjordane College compared the effects of live, taped and no music on three different groups of people suffering from post traumatic amnesia - or memory loss.

The patients were exposed to all three conditions, twice over six consecutive days. Results showed that when patients listened to live or taped music, two thirds of them showed significantly reduced symptoms of anxiety and enhanced orientation, compared to the group that didn't listen to music.

Which type of music is best? Research shows that people with memory loss respond best to music of their choice.

1.  You'll probably relax to your favourite music.

    Using modal auxiliary "Will Probably" this sentence describe stated activities that will     occur.

2. Both these systems react sensitively to music.

    This sentence using "These" because the word "Both" is plural.

3.  Who listened to music and used imagery experienced better pain relief than the              group who did not.

     Using adjective clause, this sentence describe people who listen to music instead of      listening to music.

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-137116/Why-listening-music-key-good-health.html

20 Common Grammar Mistakes That (Almost) Everyone Makes

I’ve edited a monthly magazine for more than six years, and it’s a job that’s come with more frustration than reward. If there’s one thing I am grateful for — and it sure isn’t the pay — it’s that my work has allowed endless time to hone my craft to Louis Skolnick levels of grammar geekery. As someone who slings red ink for a living, let me tell you: grammar is an ultra-micro component in the larger picture; it lies somewhere in the final steps of the editing trail; and as such it’s an overrated quasi-irrelevancy in the creative process, perpetuated into importance primarily by bitter nerds who accumulate tweed jackets and crippling inferiority complexes. But experience has also taught me that readers, for better or worse, will approach your work with a jaundiced eye and an itch to judge. While your grammar shouldn’t be a reflection of your creative powers or writing abilities, let’s face it — it usually is. Below are 20 common grammar mistakes I see routinely, not only in editorial queries and submissions, but in print: in HR manuals, blogs, magazines, newspapers, trade journals, and even best selling novels. If it makes you feel any better, I’ve made each of these mistakes a hundred times, and I know some of the best authors in history have lived to see these very toadstools appear in print. Let's hope you can learn from some of their more famous mistakes. Who and Whom This one opens a big can of worms. “Who” is a subjective — or nominative — pronoun, along with "he," "she," "it," "we," and "they." It’s used when the pronoun acts as the subject of a clause. “Whom” is an objective pronoun, along with "him," "her," "it", "us," and "them." It’s used when the pronoun acts as the object of a clause. Using “who” or “whom” depends on whether you’re referring to the subject or object of a sentence. When in doubt, substitute “who” with the subjective pronouns “he” or “she,” e.g., Who loves you? cf., He loves me. Similarly, you can also substitute “whom” with the objective pronouns “him” or “her.” e.g., I consulted an attorney whom I met in New York. cf., I consulted him. Which and That This is one of the most common mistakes out there, and understandably so. “That” is a restrictive pronoun. It’s vital to the noun to which it’s referring. e.g., I don’t trust fruits and vegetables that aren’t organic. Here, I’m referring to all non-organic fruits or vegetables. In other words, I only trust fruits and vegetables that are organic. “Which” introduces a relative clause. It allows qualifiers that may not be essential. e.g., I recommend you eat only organic fruits and vegetables, which are available in area grocery stores. In this case, you don’t have to go to a specific grocery store to obtain organic fruits and vegetables. “Which” qualifies, “that” restricts. “Which” is more ambiguous however, and by virtue of its meaning is flexible enough to be used in many restrictive clauses. e.g., The house, which is burning, is mine. e.g., The house that is burning is mine. Lay and Lie This is the crown jewel of all grammatical errors. “Lay” is a transitive verb. It requires a direct subject and one or more objects. Its present tense is “lay” (e.g., I lay the pencil on the table) and its past tense is “laid” (e.g., Yesterday I laid the pencil on the table). “Lie” is an intransitive verb. It needs no object. Its present tense is “lie” (e.g., The Andes mountains lie between Chile and Argentina) and its past tense is “lay” (e.g., The man lay waiting for an ambulance). The most common mistake occurs when the writer uses the past tense of the transitive “lay” (e.g., I laid on the bed) when he/she actually means the intransitive past tense of “lie" (e.g., I lay on the bed). Moot Contrary to common misuse, “moot” doesn’t imply something is superfluous. It means a subject is disputable or open to discussion. e.g., The idea that commercial zoning should be allowed in the residential neighborhood was a moot point for the council. Continual and Continuous They’re similar, but there’s a difference. “Continual” means something that's always occurring, with obvious lapses in time. “Continuous” means something continues without any stops or gaps in between. e.g., The continual music next door made it the worst night of studying ever. e.g., Her continuous talking prevented him from concentrating. Envy and Jealousy The word “envy” implies a longing for someone else’s good fortunes. “Jealousy” is far more nefarious. It’s a fear of rivalry, often present in sexual situations. “Envy” is when you covet your friend’s good looks. “Jealousy” is what happens when your significant other swoons over your good-looking friend. Nor “Nor” expresses a negative condition. It literally means "and not." You’re obligated to use the “nor” form if your sentence expresses a negative and follows it with another negative condition. “Neither the men nor the women were drunk” is a correct sentence because “nor” expresses that the women held the same negative condition as the men. The old rule is that “nor” typically follows “neither,” and “or” follows “either.” However, if neither “either” nor “neither” is used in a sentence, you should use “nor” to express a second negative, as long as the second negative is a verb. If the second negative is a noun, adjective, or adverb, you would use “or,” because the initial negative transfers to all conditions. e.g., He won’t eat broccoli or asparagus. The negative condition expressing the first noun (broccoli) is also used for the second (asparagus). May and Might “May” implies a possibility. “Might” implies far more uncertainty. “You may get drunk if you have two shots in ten minutes” implies a real possibility of drunkenness. “You might get a ticket if you operate a tug boat while drunk” implies a possibility that is far more remote. Someone who says “I may have more wine” could mean he/she doesn't want more wine right now, or that he/she “might” not want any at all. Given the speaker’s indecision on the matter, “might” would be correct. Whether and If Many writers seem to assume that “whether” is interchangeable with “if." It isn’t. “Whether” expresses a condition where there are two or more alternatives. “If” expresses a condition where there are no alternatives. e.g., I don’t know whether I’ll get drunk tonight. e.g., I can get drunk tonight if I have money for booze. Fewer and Less “Less” is reserved for hypothetical quantities. “Few” and “fewer” are for things you can quantify. e.g., The firm has fewer than ten employees. e.g., The firm is less successful now that we have only ten employees. Farther and Further The word “farther” implies a measurable distance. “Further” should be reserved for abstract lengths you can't always measure. e.g., I threw the ball ten feet farther than Bill. e.g., The financial crisis caused further implications. Since and Because “Since” refers to time. “Because” refers to causation. e.g., Since I quit drinking I’ve married and had two children. e.g., Because I quit drinking I no longer wake up in my own vomit. Disinterested and Uninterested Contrary to popular usage, these words aren’t synonymous. A “disinterested” person is someone who’s impartial. For example, a hedge fund manager might take interest in a headline regarding the performance of a popular stock, even if he's never invested in it. He’s “disinterested,” i.e., he doesn’t seek to gain financially from the transaction he’s witnessed. Judges and referees are supposed to be "disinterested." If the sentence you’re using implies someone who couldn't care less, chances are you’ll want to use “uninterested.” Anxious Unless you’re frightened of them, you shouldn’t say you’re “anxious to see your friends.” You’re actually “eager,” or "excited." To be “anxious” implies a looming fear, dread or anxiety. It doesn’t mean you’re looking forward to something. Different Than and Different From This is a tough one. Words like “rather” and “faster” are comparative adjectives, and are used to show comparison with the preposition “than,” (e.g., greater than, less than, faster than, rather than). The adjective “different” is used to draw distinction. So, when “different” is followed by a preposition, it should be “from,” similar to “separate from,” “distinct from,” or “away from.” e.g., My living situation in New York was different from home. There are rare cases where “different than” is appropriate, if “than” operates as a conjunction. e.g., Development is different in New York than in Los Angeles. When in doubt, use “different from.” Bring and Take In order to employ proper usage of “bring” or “take,” the writer must know whether the object is being moved toward or away from the subject. If it is toward, use “bring.” If it is away, use “take.” Your spouse may tell you to “take your clothes to the cleaners.” The owner of the dry cleaners would say “bring your clothes to the cleaners.” Impactful It isn't a word. "Impact" can be used as a noun (e.g., The impact of the crash was severe) or a transitive verb (e.g., The crash impacted my ability to walk or hold a job). "Impactful" is a made-up buzzword, colligated by the modern marketing industry in their endless attempts to decode the innumerable nuances of human behavior into a string of mindless metrics. Seriously, stop saying this. Affect and Effect Here’s a trick to help you remember: “Affect” is almost always a verb (e.g., Facebook affects people’s attention spans), and “effect” is almost always a noun (e.g., Facebook's effects can also be positive). “Affect” means to influence or produce an impression — to cause hence, an effect. “Effect” is the thing produced by the affecting agent; it describes the result or outcome. There are some exceptions. “Effect” may be used as a transitive verb, which means to bring about or make happen. e.g., My new computer effected a much-needed transition from magazines to Web porn. There are similarly rare examples where “affect” can be a noun. e.g., His lack of affect made him seem like a shallow person. Irony and Coincidence Too many people claim something is the former when they actually mean the latter. For example, it’s not “ironic” that “Barbara moved from California to New York, where she ended up meeting and falling in love with a fellow Californian.” The fact that they’re both from California is a "coincidence." "Irony" is the incongruity in a series of events between the expected results and the actual results. "Coincidence" is a series of events that appear planned when they’re actually accidental. So, it would be "ironic" if “Barbara moved from California to New York to escape California men, but the first man she ended up meeting and falling in love with was a fellow Californian.” Nauseous Undoubtedly the most common mistake I encounter. Contrary to almost ubiquitous misuse, to be “nauseous” doesn’t mean you’ve been sickened: it actually means you possess the ability to produce nausea in others. e.g., That week-old hot dog is nauseous. When you find yourself disgusted or made ill by a nauseating agent, you are actually “nauseated.” e.g., I was nauseated after falling into that dumpster behind the Planned Parenthood. Stop embarrassing yourself. If you’re looking for a practical, quick guide to proper grammar, I suggest the tried-and-true classic The Elements of Style, by William Strunk, Jr. and E. B. White. A few of these examples are listed in the book, and there are plenty more. Good luck! source : http://litreactor.com/columns/20-common-grammar-mistakes-that-almost-everyone-gets-wrong

Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris Berbantuan Komputer

Tugas 1 Kelompok 1 Active and Passive Voice

Complaining Letter

HK_Fashion Company

Bekasi, 17510

Indonesia

June 09, 2013

Mr. Arya Al Habsi 

Promotion Manager

Fashion and Trendy 

Bandung, West Java

13599, Indonesia

We ordered from your company have not been supplied corectly. Re. Order No. 3599 on March, 2013.

The ingredience are 350 meters cotton material, 1000 meters spandex material from your company, but the materials have not complete.

I hope that your company will send the materials to our company immediately. Thank you.

Sincerely

Heni Kusumawardani 

Director HK_Fashion

Letter Of Inquiry

HK_Fashion Company

Bekasi, 17510

Indonesia

June 09, 2013

Dear Sir / Madam

I visit your exhibition in Bandung Fashion Trend competition. I want to know about what is your program on that exhibition for can be applied in my company. And then, I have idea for make agreement with your company.

I hope that you  will agree with my idea for make  agreement with our company. I will wait your reply for that idea soon. Thank you for your attention.

Sincerely

Director HK_Fashion

Heni Kusumawardani

Order Letter

HK_Fashion Company

Bekasi 17510

Indonesia 

June 09, 2013

To Mr. Andy 
Director Fashion and Trendy Company 
Bandung, West Java
13599, Indonesia


Our Company requires several ingredients as follows :

• 500 meters silk material
• 1000 meters spandex material
• 1500 meters chiffon material
• 350 meters cotton material

We hope to soon be sent to our materials, because our Company to needs for the new HK_Fashion productions.


Thus we submit the letter, thank you for your participation.


Sincerely,

Hefanly

Purchasing officer